Main article: Toyota Corolla (E10)
The first Corolla generation was introduced in October 1966 with the new 1100 cc K pushrodengine. The Corolla Sprinter was introduced as the fastback version in 1968.
Second generation (E20)
Main article: Toyota Corolla (E20)
Second generation Toyota Corolla.
In May 1970, the E20 was restyled with a more rounded body and the 1400 cc T and 1600 cc 2TOHV engines were added to the range. The now mutually exclusive Corolla and Sprinter names were used to differentiate between two slightly different treatments of sheet metal and trim. The Corolla Levin and Sprinter Trueno names were introduced as the twincam version of the Corolla and Sprinter respectively.
Third generation (E30, E40, E50, E60)
Main article: Toyota Corolla (E30)
Third generation Toyota Corolla.
April 1974 brought rounder, bigger and heavier Corollas and Sprinters. The range was rounded out with the addition of a 2 door liftback. The Corollas were given E30 codes while the Sprinters were given E40 codes. A facelift in March 1976 saw most Corolla E30 models replaced by equivalent E50 models and most Sprinter E40 models were replaced by equivalent E60 models.
Fourth generation (E70)
Main article: Toyota Corolla (E70)
Fourth generation Toyota Corolla.
A major restyle in March 1979 brought a square edged design. The Corollas had a simpler treatment of the grill, head lights and tail lights while the Sprinter used a slightly more complex, sculptured treatment. The new A series engines were added to the range as a running change. This was the last model to use the K "hicam" and T series engines.
[edit]Fifth generation (E80)
Main article: Toyota Corolla (E80)
Fifth generation Toyota Corolla.
A sloping front bonnet and a contemporary sharp-edged, no-frills style was brought in during May 1983. The new 1839 cc 1C diesel engine was added to the range with the E80 Series. From 1985, re-badged E80 Corollas were sold in the U.S. as the fifth generation Chevrolet Nova.
Most models now used the front wheel drive layout except the AE85 and AE86, which were to be the last Corollas offered in the rear wheel drive or FR layout. The AE85 and AE86 chassis codes were also used for the Sprinter (including the Sprinter Trueno). The Sprinter was nearly identical to the Corolla, differing only by minor body styling changes such as pop-up headlights.
[edit]Sixth generation (E90)
Main article: Toyota Corolla (E90)
Sixth generation Toyota Corolla.
A somewhat more rounded and aerodynamic style was used for the E90 introduced in May 1987. Overall this generation has a more refined feel than older Corollas and other older subcompacts. Most models were now front wheel drive, along with a few 4WD All-Trac models. Many engines were used on a wide array of trim levels and models, ranging from the 1.3 liter 2E to the 165 horsepower (123 kW) supercharged 4A-GZE. The E90 Corolla was also rebadged and sold as the Geo Prizm (US) or Holden Nova (Australia).
[edit]Seventh generation (E100)
Main article: Toyota Corolla (E100)
Seventh generation Toyota Corolla.
In June 1991 Corollas received a redesign to be larger, heavier, and have the completely rounded, aerodynamic shape of the 1990s. The Corolla was now in the compact class, rather than subcompact, and the coupe still available known as Corolla Levin AE101. Refinement reached new levels, as development chief Dr. Akihiko Saito strove to create a "mini-Lexus"[citation needed].
[edit]Eighth generation (E110)
Main article: Toyota Corolla (E110)
Eighth generation Toyota Corolla.
May 1995 saw a complete redesign for the Corolla. External differences from the E100 series were obvious. Evolutionary technological improvements continued, however, and in 1998, for the first time, some non-Japanese Corollas received the new 1ZZ-FE engine. The new engine was the first in a Toyota to have an aluminum engine block and aluminum cylinder heads, which made this generation lighter than the E100 Corolla. The model range began to change as Toyota decided styling differences would improve sales in different markets. In North America, the E110 had front and rear styling unique to its home country, while Europe and Australasia received versions of their own as well.
[edit]Ninth generation (E120, E130)
Main article: Toyota Corolla (E120)
Ninth generation Toyota Corolla.
In November 2000 the ninth generation Corolla was introduced in Japan, with edgier styling and more technology to bring the nameplate into the 21st century. It is also called the Corolla Altis in the ASEAN region. The station wagon model is called the (Japanese: Corolla Fielder) in Japan.
[edit]Tenth generation (E140, E150)
Main article: Toyota Corolla (E140)
Tenth generation Toyota Corolla.
T
he tenth generation of the Corolla was introduced in October 2006. Japanese markets called it the Corolla Axio, with the ASEAN markets retaining the Altis branding. The station wagon retains the Corolla Fielder name. The Corolla Altis and Corolla Axio have a different appearance.[6]
[edit]Safety
In Australia, Corolla models built between 1986-2006 were assessed in the Used Car Safety Ratings 2008:[7]
(1986–1988) — worse than average
(1989–1993) — average
(1994–1997) — better than average
(1998–2001) — better than average
(2002–2006) — better than average
The US Insurance Institute for Highway Safety rated the 1998-2002 models as "Acceptable" in their 40 mph (64 km/h) frontal offset crash test. Initial 2003 models had an overall "Good" rating, but received a "Marginal" on left foot injury protection. A rebuild beginning December 2002, which continues through to the 2008 model, gives the Corolla a "Good" rating in all aspects of the test. Corolla models from model year 2005 to 2008 with optional side curtain air bags received an "Acceptable" rating in the side impact crash test, largely due to a "Marginal" rating in structure/safety cage design. Otherwise, injury protection ratings for driver and rear passenger were all good except for driver pelvis/leg injury protection, which was "Acceptable". The Corolla from model year 2009 to present with standard side curtain air bags received a "Good" rating in bothset and side impact crash test.[ the frontal off8]
Automotive industry
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Automaker)
The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells the world's motor vehicles. The automotive industry is one of the most important economic sectors by revenue.
The term automotive industry usually does not include industries dedicated to automobiles after delivery to the customer, such as repair shops and motor fuel filling stations.
Worldwide Trends
In 2007, worldwide production reached a peak at a total of 73.3 million new motorvehicles produced worldwide.[1] In 2009, worldwide motorvehicle production dropped 13.5 percent to 61 million. Sales in the U.S. dropped 21.2 percent to 10.4 million units, sales in the European Union (supported by scrapping incentives in many markets) dropped 1.3 percent to 14.1 million units. China became the world's largest motorvehicles market, both by sales as by production. Sales in China rose 45 percent in 2009 to 13.6 million units.[2] In recent years, private Chinese manufacturers emerge.
About 250 million vehicles are in use in the United States. Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007; they burn over 260 billion gallons of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly.[3] In the opinion of some, urban transport systems based around the car have proved unsustainable, consuming excessive energy, affecting the health of populations, and delivering a declining level of service despite increasing investments. Many of these negative impacts fall disproportionately on those social groups who are also least likely to own and drive cars.[4][5][dead link] [6][dead link]The sustainable transport movement focuses on solutions to these problems.
[edit]History
The first practical automobile with a petrol engine was built by Karl Benz in 1885 in Mannheim, Germany. Benz was granted a patent for his automobile on 29 January 1886, and began the first production of automobiles in 1888, after Bertha Benz, his wife, had proved with the first long-distance trip in August 1888 - from Mannheim to Pforzheim and back - that the horseless coach was absolutely suitable for daily use. Since 2008 a Bertha Benz Memorial Route commemorates this event.
Soon after, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Stuttgart in 1889 designed a vehicle from scratch to be an automobile, rather than ahorse-drawn carriage fitted with an engine. They also are usually credited as inventors of the first motorcycle in 1886, but Italy's Enrico Bernardi, of the University of Padua, in 1882, patented a 0.024 horsepower (17.9 W) 122 cc (7.4 cu in) one-cylinder petrol motor, fitting it into his son's tricycle, making it at least a candidate for the first automobile, and first motorcycle;.[7]:p.26 Bernardi enlarged the tricycle in 1892 to carry two adults.[7]:p.26
Main article: Automotive industry by country
[edit]Crisis in the automotive industry
Main article: Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2009
[edit]World motor vehicle production
See also: List of countries by motor vehicle production
[edit]By Year
Global Production of Motorvehicles
(cars and commercial vehicles)
Year Production Change Source
1997 52,987,000 [8]
1998 57,987,000 -2.70% [8]
1999 56,258,892 2.98% [9]
2000 58,374,162 3.80% [10]
2001 56,304,925 -3.50% [11]
2002 58,994,318 4.80% [12]
2003 60,663,225 2.80% [13]
2004 64,496,220 6.30% [14]
2005 66,482,439 3.10% [15]
2006 69,222,975 4.10% [16]
2007 73,266,061 5.80% [17]
2008 70,520,493 -3.70% [18]
2009 60,986,985 -13.50% [19]
[edit]By Country
Main article: List of countries by motor vehicle production
[hide]
v • d • e« previous year Top 20 motor vehicle producing countries 2009 next year »
Motor vehicle production (units)
Country 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000 7,000,000 8,000,000 9,000,000 10,000,000 11,000,000 12,000,000 13,000,000 14,000,000
China 13,790,994
Japan 7,934,516
United States 5,711,823
Germany 5,209,857
South Korea 3,512,916
Brazil 3,182,617
India 2,632,694
Spain 2,170,078
France 2,049,762
Mexico 1,557,290
Canada 1,489,651
Iran 1,395,421
United Kingdom 1,090,139
Czech Rep. 974,569
Thailand 968,305
Poland 879,186
Turkey 869,605
Italy 843,239
Russia 722,431
Belgium 522,810
Reference: "Production Statistics". OICA. Retrieved 2010-04-26.
[edit]By Manufacturer
[hide]
v • d • e« previous year — Top motor vehicle manufacturing companies by volume 2009 next year »
Total motor vehicle production
Group 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000 7,000,000 8,000,000 9,000,000 10,000,000
Key Cars Light Commercial Vehicles Heavy Commercial Vehicles Heavy Buses
Toyota 7,234,439
G.M. 6,459,053
Volkswagen 6,067,208
Ford 4,685,394
Hyundai 4,645,776
PSA 3,042,311
Honda 3,012,637
Nissan 2,744,562
Fiat 2,460,222
Suzuki 2,387,537
Renault 2,296,009
Daimler AG 1,447,953
Chana Automobile 1,425,777
B.M.W. 1,258,417
Mazda 984,520
Chrysler 959,070
Mitsubishi 802,463
Beijing Automotive 684,534
Tata 672,045
Dongfeng Motor 663,262
FAW 650,275
Chery 508,567
Fuji 491,352
BYD 427,732
SAIC 347,598
Anhui Jianghuai 336,979
Geely 330,275
Isuzu 316,335
Brilliance 314,189
AvtoVAZ 294,737
Great Wall 226,560
Mahindra 223,065
Shangdong Kaima 169,023
Proton 152,965
China National 120,930
Volvo 105,873
Chongqing Lifan 104,434
Fujian 103,171
Kuozui 93,303
Shannxi Auto 79,026
Porsche 75,637
Ziyang Nanjun 72,470
GAZ 69,591
Navistar 65,364
Guangzhou Auto 62,990
Paccar 58,918
Chenzhou Ji'ao 51,008
Qingling Motor 50,120
Hebei Zhongxing 48,173
Ashok Leyland 47,694
Key Cars Light Commercial Vehicles Heavy Commercial Vehicles Heavy Buses
Total: 60,499,159 Cars: 51,075,480 LCV: 7,817,520 HCV: 1,305,755 Heavy Bus: 300,404
Reference: "World motor vehicle production by manufacturer: World ranking of manufacturers 2009". OICA. July 2010.
[edit]Company relationships
It is common for automobile manufacturers to hold stakes in other automobile manufacturers. These ownerships can be explored under the detail for the individual companies.
Notable current relationships include:[citation needed]
Daimler AG holds a 20% stake in Eicher Motors, a 10.0% stake in KAMAZ, a 10% stake in Tesla Motors, a 6.75% stake in Tata Motorsand a 3.1% in the Renault-Nissan Motors alliance. They are in the process of selling back their 40% stake in McLaren Group. This process will be finalized in 2011.
Dongfeng Motor Corporation is involved in joint ventures with several companies in China, including: Honda, Hyundai, Nissan, Nissan Diesel, and PSA Peugeot Citroen.
Fiat holds a 85% stake in Ferrari and a 20% stake in Chrysler, that can be increased to 35%; with the option of increasing its stake further.
Ford Motor Company holds a 13.4% stake in Mazda and an 8.3% share in Aston Martin.
Geely Automobile holds a 23% stake in Manganese Bronze Holdings.
General Motors and Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC) have two joint ventures in Shanghai General Motors and SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile.
Hyundai Kia Automotive Group holds a 38.67% stake in Kia Motors, down from the 51% that it acquired in 1998.
Renault Pars is a joint venture, 51 percent of which belongs to Renault of France. Forty-nine percent of Renault Pars' shares is jointly held by Iran's Industrial Development and Renovation Organization, IKCO and Saipa. The company was established in 2003.[20]
MAN SE holds a 17.01% voting stake in Scania.
Porsche Automobil Holding SE has a 50.74% stake in Volkswagen Group. Due to liquidity problems, Volkswagen Group is now in the process of acquiring Porsche.
Renault-Nissan Motors have an alliance involving two global companies linked by cross-shareholding, with Renault holding 44.3% of Nissan shares, and Nissan holding 15% of (non-voting) Renault shares. The alliance holds a 3.1% share in Daimler AG.
Renault holds a 25% stake in AvtoVAZ and 20.5% of the voting stakes in Volvo Group.
Toyota holds a 51% stake in Daihatsu, and 16.5% in Fuji Heavy Industries, parent company of Subaru.
Volkswagen Group and FAW have a joint venture.
Volkswagen Group and Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC) have a joint venture in Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive.
Volkswagen Group holds a 37.73% stake in Scania (68.6% voting rights), and a 29% stake in MAN SE.
Volkswagen Group has a 49.9% stake in Porsche AG. Volkswagen is in the process of acquiring Porsche, which will be completed in mid-2011.
Volkswagen Group has a 19.9% stake in Suzuki, and Suzuki has a 5% stake in Volkswagen.
[edit]Top vehicle manufacturing groups (by volume)
The table below shows the world's largest motor vehicle manufacturing groups, along with the marques produced by each one. The table is ranked by 2009 end of year production figures from the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA)[21] for the parent group, and then alphabetically by marque. Joint ventures are not reflected in this table. Production figures of joint ventures are typically included in OICA rankings, which can become a source of controversy.[22][23]
MarqueCountry of originOwnershipMarkets
1. Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japan)
Daihatsu Subsidiary Global, except North America and Australia
Hino Subsidiary Asia Pacific, North America and South America
Lexus Division Global
Scion Division North America
Toyota Division Global
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